URwanda ni igihugu kigizwe n'imisozi, amashyamba, ibiyaga, abana bishimye, abaturage b'abakozi, abakaraza, ababyinnyi, abanyabugeni n'abanyabukorikori. Iyo misozi igihumbi ituweho n'abaturage miriyoni umunani ku buso bwa kirometero kare 26.338. URwanda rufite ubutaka bwiza n'ijuru ryiza, ibyo bisobanuye ko ubwo butaka burumbuka. Ngiyo isura y'igihugu cyacu kuva imyaka amagana. Turi bamwe, tuvuga ururimi rumwe, dufite n'amateka amwe.
Nyamara mu bihe bishize, jenoside yadushoye mu icuraburindi iducamo ibice. Ibyo ni ibihe bibi twanyuzemo, ariko tugomba kwibuka kubera abacu babiguyemo no kugira ngo duteganyirize ejo hazaza.
Turavuga amateka yacu n'ibihe bizaza.
Inzozi mbi twarose n'inziza turangamiye.
Imihangayiko yacu n'amiringiro yacu.
Niyo mpamvu aho dutangiriye ari naho turi busoreze...
Tuvuga igihugu cyacu dukunda.
Ntitwigeze duhitamo gukoronizwa. Abadage nibo baje mbere mu 1895 bageza mu 1916. Mu gihe cy'intambara ya mbere y'isi yose, uRwanda rwari mu maboko y'ingabo z'Ububirigi. Mu 1923, Ububirigi bwahawe n'Umuryango w'Ibihugu Manda ku Rwanda n'Uburundi, noneho buyobora ibyo bihugu kuburyo buziguye. Nyuma yaho Rwanda-Urundi byabaye koloni zabo kugeza ku bwigenge muri 1962.
Kuba abazungu bari mu Rwanda, hari ibintu bimwe na bimwe byiza byunguye igihugu.
Bazanye ubukirisitu, bateza imbere amashuri n'ubuvuzi, ndetse n'ibikorwa remezo.
Bafunguriye umusaruro wacu amasoko y'ubuhahirane n'amahanga.
Nyamara ku rundi ruhande ntabwo abakoroni batubaniye neza. Mu mizo ya mbere abanyarwanda babanje kutambumva neza ndetse baza no kwigomeka ku Badage mu w'i 1915. Ariko imbaraga z'abakoroni zabaye nyinshi barabaganza.
Abanyarwanda bose ubundi bahuriraga mu moko yabo atandukanye uko ari cumi n'umunani. Ubuhutu, ubututsi, ubutwa ntabwo byari ubwoko ahubwo byari inzego z'abantu zikubiye muri ya moko 18, kandi izo nzego zashoboraga guhinduka bitewe n'imiterere ya runaka. Igihe cy'ubukoroni ivangura rishingiye ku moko nibwo ryatangiye, cyane cyane ubwo hadukaga ikarita y'indangamuntu mu w'i 1932. Muri uko kuvangura abantu mu w'i 1932, abakoroni bafashe umuntu utunze inka icumi bamwita umututsi naho ufite munsi yazo bamwita umuhutu.
Twamaze igihe kirekire tubana mu mahoro, none amacakubiri yatangiye...
Nyuma yo kubana mu mahoro igihe kirekire, noneho ubu amacakubiri yari antangiye...
Mu mwaka wa 1959 umwami Rudahigwa yaratanze, hahita hatangira imyivumbagatanyo.
Ubwo abatutsi ibihumbi n'ibihumbi barishwe, abandi bahungira mu bihugu by'abaturanyi.
Mu 1961 habaye amatora. Hagiyeho Guverinoma ya mbere iyobowe na Grégoire Kayibanda, wari warashinze ishyaka rya Parmehutu ryari rigamije kubohoza abahutu.
Hashize umwaka u Rwanda rwabonye ubwigenge.
Ubwo u Rwanda ruyoborwa n'ubutegetsi bwo hejuru, rugira ubutegetsi buheza bushingiye ku ishyaka rimwe rukumbi.
Ubutegetsi bwaranzwe n'itotezwa, iyicwa n'iyirukanwa ry'abatutsi. Nyuma y'ayo macakubiri ashingiye ku moko, ubutegetsi bwa kayibanda bwadukanye n'ivangurakarere ryatumye General Habyarimana Juvénal amuhirika ku butegetsi muri 1973.
Inkunga zavaga hanze zagiye zikoreshwa mu macakubiri no mu gutoteza abantu, bituma abaterankunga bo hanze basaba ko abanyagihugu bagomba kugira uruhare mu kwicungira umutungo no gushyiraho demokarasi. Kubera inama yagiriwe na François Mitterrand ndetse n'igitutu yotswaga na FPR mu 1990,Habyarimana yahisemo gutangaza ishyirwaho ry'amashyaka menshi.
Text to go with pic of group of Militia training
Ishyaka MRND rya Habyarimana niryo ryashyizeho umutwe w'interahamwe, wari ugizwe n'insoresore z'abahutu zari zikaze ziranamenyekana hose mu gihugu. Zagendaga zigisha abahutu ko ari bo bafite ingufu, ko ari bwo bwoko bugomba kubaho, ko abatutsi bagomba kwicwa. Itangazamakuru ryo mu gihugu ryabafashije gukwirakwiza ibyo bitekerezo. Muri 1990, ingengabitekerezo yabo ya jenocide yari imaze gushinga imizi.
Mu myaka icumi yakurikiyeho u Rwanda rwagiye rubona inkunga zivuye mu bihugu by'i burayi. Nyuma y'aho mu 1986, ibiciro by'ikawa byaraguye. Nkuko ubukungu bwari bwifashe nabi, agatsiko k'abahutu bari ku butegetsi, Akazu-, bihariye umutungo n'ubutegetsi.
MMu mashyaka ya politiki mashya yari amaze kuvuka hari ishyaka ritavugaga rumwe n'ubutegetsi rya MDR (Ishyaka Riharanira Demokarasi muri Repubulika). Iryo shyaka ryari rigizwe n'abayoboke b'Abahutu bari batsimbaraye ku ngengabitekerezo y'ubwicanyi n'abandi batari bashyigikiye iyo ngengabitekerezo ndetse bamwe muri bo baje guhigwa maze baricwa. Ishyaka rya CDR (Impuzamugambi ziharanira Repubulika) ryashinzwe n'Abahutu bari batsimbaraye ku ngengabitekerezo y'ubwicanyi, ryakoranaga n'agatsiko k'abicanyi kari karatangiye ibikorwa byo kwica Abatutsi. PSD (Ishyaka rya Rubanda riharanira Demokarasi) ryari ishyaka ritavugaga rumwe n'ubutegetsi kandi ritari rishyigikiye amacakubiri. Mu gihe cy'imyigaragambyo ibyapa byaryo byabaga byanditseho amagambo akurikira: "PSD, Twapfa, twakira tuzatsinda."
1.4 Inzira iganisha ku
"muti wa rurangiza"
Abatutsi barenga 700.000 bari barahunze bava mu gihugu cyacu hagati ya 1959 na 1973, ibyo bikaba byari ingaruka z'itsembabwoko ryari ryarakongejwe n'abakoroni b'Ababirigi.
N'ubwo hari harabaye imishyikirano myinshi igamije Amahoro, impunzi z'Abatutsi zari zarabujijwe gutaha.
Benshi muri bo bahisemo kwinjira mu mutwe wa FPR waje gutera u Rwanda tariki ya 1 Ukwakira 1990.
Isubiranamo ry'abaturage ryakurikiyeho ryatumye Abanyarwanda benshi bava mu byabo, maze ubutegetsi bw'u Rwanda bubagumisha mu nkambi zari imbere mu gihugu.
Ibihe byari bikomeye.
"Twebwe...tuvuze ko Inyenzi (udusimba) nizongera kubyutsa umutwe bitazaba ngombwa ko turwana na zo mu bihuru. Tuzikiza umwanzi duhereye imbere mu gihugu...Bazashiraho burundu."
Hassan Ngeze mu kinyamakuru ''Kangura'' cyo muri Mutarama 1994.
Umutwe wa FPR wari ugamije kongera gushyiraho uburengazira bungana imbere y'amategeko, hamwe no kureba uko impunzi zatahuka mu gihugu. Habyarimana yitwaje umwuka mubi wari uriho kugira ngo abone urwaho rwo kubiba amacakubiri mu baturage, bukaba bwari n'uburyo bwo gutoteza no gutera ubwoba abaturage.
Intambara yari yibasiye abatutsi yakozwe ku buryo butatumye imenyekana cyane n'ubwo benshi mu batutsi n'abahutu barwanyaga indangamatwara y'amacakubiri bari mu magereza, bakorerwa ibya mfurambi cyangwa bahotorwa.
Jenoside yagendaga ikorwa mu byiciro binyuranye. Ubwicanyi bwibasiye Abatutsi
bwakozwe mu Kwakira 1990, muri Mutarama 1991, mu Gushyingo 1991, muri
Werurwe 1992, muri Kamena 1992, muri Mutarama 1993, muri Werurwe 1993, no
muri Gashyantare 1994. Muri ubu bwicanyi bwose bwabaye nta na rimwe bwigeze
bukurikirwa n'ibikorwa bindi by'ubwicanyi bufite intera ndende. N'ubwo byari bizwi ko
ayo mahano yabaga, Leta y'Ubufaransa yakomeje gufasha ubutegetsi bwa
Habyarimana.
Ibikorwa by 'icengezamatwara byakajije umurego maze bene kubikora batangira gutegeka no kumvisha benshi mu baturage impamvu bagomba kureba abaturage bahuje ubwenegihugu, abaturanyi babo ndetse n 'abo mu miryango yabo bakababonamo abanzi babo akaba ari yo mpamvu batagomba kujya babizera.
Muri icyo gihe abaturage binjizwagamo impamvu zo kwemera umugambi kugira icyo bakora amazi atararenga inkombe.
Hambere mu Kuboza Kangura yari yarasohoye "Amategeko icumi y 'Abahutu " yavugaga ko umuhutu uwo ari we wese uzifatanya cyangwa akagira igikorwa icyo aricyo cyose akorana n 'abatutsi azafatwa nk 'icyitso.
"Inyenzi, Inkotanyi z'amarere [abarwanyi b'inkazi] tugende! Tugiye kubana ku ngufu n'abo twambuye ibintu byabo byose." Ikinyamakuru Kangura cyasohotse muri Nyakanga 1993 Paul Kagame n'ishyaka rya FPR yari ayoboye barimo bagenda hejuru y'amasanduku arimo abahutu. Inyenzi (izina ry'agasimba) ryari ijambo ryakoreshwaga n'abahutu b'intagondwa kugira ngo bumvikanishe ko ko abatutsi batari abantu.
"Ndarwaye muganga we!! Urwaye iki?! Abatutsi... Abatutsi... Abatutsi." Hassan Ngeze mu gishushanyo cyasohotse mu Kinyamakuru Rwanda Rushya cyo muri Mutarama 1992. Ishyaka rya FPR ryari ryaragize ruvumwa, barirega kubangamira amasezerano ya Arusha. Igishushanyo cyasohotse mu mu Kinyamakuru Le Courier du Peuple 1993.
Radiyo ya RTLM (Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines), yari radiyo rutwitsi, yari yarashinzwe n'agatsiko ka bamwe mu bagize Guverinoma, kugira ngo ikwirakwize urwangano. Nahimana Ferdinand (i bumoso) yari umuyobozi wayo. Amatangazo yayo yabaga yuzuyemo amagambo ateranya abantu. Igihe jenoside yarimo itegurwa RTLM yakomeje guhembera urwango, gutanga amabwiriza yo kwica ndetse n'impamvu ubwo bwicanyi bwagombaga gukorwa.
Ibinyamakuru birenga makumyabiri byakanguriraga abantu kwanga Abatutsi. Kangura, kimwe mu byari ku isonga mu kwigisha amacakubiri, cyayoborwaga na Ngeze Hassan. Kangura yavugaga ko Abahutu bagomba kwirinda kuko Abatutsi barimo gutegura intambara itazasigaza n'uwo kubara inkuru.
2:1: Inzira y’imishyikirano y’Arusha.
Muri Nyakanga 1992, Habyarimana n’umutwe wa FPR barumvikanye basinya amasezerano yo guhagarika imirwano; iryo hagarika ry’imirwano ni ryo ryaje kuvamo icyo bise “Amasezerano y’Arusha”
U Rwanda rwagombaga guhita rushyiraho Guverinoma y’inzibacyuho yagombaga kurugeza kuri Guverinoma ishyizweho n’ amatora muri demokarasi.
Hagombaga gushyirwaho ingabo zitagira aho zibogamiye. Ingabo z’Abafaransa zagombaga guhita zitaha zigasimburwa n’ingabo
z’ Umuryango w’Abibumbye (MINUAR). Hari hateganyijwe ko ingabo za FPR n’iza Leta y’u Rwanda zivangwa, zimwe zigasezererwa, izindi zikamburwa intwaro.
Habyarimana n’inkoramutima ze ntibifuzaga ko amasezerano y’Arusha ashyirwa mu bikorwa. Guverinoma y’inzibacyuho ntiyigeze ishyirwaho.
Habyarimana n’ibyegera bye byari bitsimbaraye ku ivanguramoko, babonaga ko baramutse bemeye ayo masezerano kwaba ari ukwemera kuneshwa na FPR.
Muri icyo gihe, ubutegetsi bwa Habyarimana, bukoresheje inguzanyo bwahawe na Leta y’u Bufaransa, bwakajije umurego mu kugura intwaro n’isosiyete y’Abafaransa kuri miriyoni cumi n’ebyiri (12) z’amadorari.
“Abakozi b’Umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu … Ntitwigeze twemera ibyari bimaze kuba. Ntitwumvaga ukuntu umuntu washoboraga gutegura ubwicanyi ahinduka akaba umuntu ugendera kuri Demokarasi. Twakurikiraniraga hafi ibyabaga”. Eric Gillet, umunyamategeko w’Umubirigi. .
2.2: Impunzi zihunga ubwicanyi
Mu Rwanda, itotezwa n’ubwicanyi bikaze byatangiye kwibasira Abatutsi kuva mu 1990. Abagabo n’abagore b’Abatutsi barafashwe barafungwa ndetse bakorerwa ibya mfura mbi. Iyo nkubiri y’ubwicanyi yari ikimenyetso cyerekana ko jenoside yari hafi kuba.
Ubwicanyi bwari bukaze cyane ku buryo umubare munini w’Abatutsi n’Abahutu batavugaga rumwe n’ubutegetsi bafashe icyemezo cyo guta ingo zabo maze bagahungira mu bihugu by’abaturanyi.
Ibyo bikorwa by’ubwicanyi, n’ubwo amahanga yari yaratinze kubyemera, byari ikimenyetso cy’ibyagombaga gukurikiraho.
2.3: Itangazamakuru ry’amahanga
2.4: ‘Jean Pierre’
Ku itariki ya 10 Mutarama, umwe mu basirikari bari bashinzwe kurinda Perezida, wiswe « Jean-Pierre » kubera impamvu z’umutekano we, yagize amakuru atangaza.
Yabwiye Colonel Luc Marchal w’ingabo z’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ko hari interahamwe igihumbi na magana arindwi (1.700) zari zaratorejwe mu bigo bya gisirikare byo mu Rwanda, avuga ko imyitozo yahabwaga abantu bagera kuri magana atatu (300) buri cyumweru. Yanamubwiye ko umunyaporitiki mukuru wagenzuraga icyo gikorwa yari Matayo Ngirumpatse wari perezida w’ishyaka rya MRND rya Habyarimana.
Yavuze ko interahamwe zirimo kubarura abatutsi bose bo muri Kigali, mu mugambi wazo w’itsembatsemba. Muri uwo mugambi, hateganywaga kujya hicwa abantu bagera ku gihumbi (1.000) muri buri minota 20.
Kuri Jean-Pierre, yabonaga Perezida w’igihugu atari agishoboye kugenzura no gucungira hafi ibikorwa by’abaronda amoko.
Jean-Pierre yari afite ubushake bwo gutangariza abanyamakuru aburira abantu ku bugizi bwa nabi bwarimo butegurwa n’abiyise “Hutu Power”, ariko na we akizezwa umutekano. Ingabo z’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ntizabashije kumurindira umutekano.
Jean-Pierre yaranyerejwe aricwa.
Nta n’umwe wamenye irengero rye.
2.5: Ibaruwa zandikiwe Umuryango w’Abibumbye
Uwayoboraga ingabo z’Umuryango w’Abibumbye mu Rwanda, Lt General Romeo Dallaire, yizeraga ko umurimo wo kubumbatira umutekano mu Rwanda uzamutunganira.
Ku itariki ya 11 Mutarama 1994, Dallaire yandikiye Umujyanama mu bya gisirikare w’Umunyamabanga Mukuru w’Umuryango w’Abibumbye, hamwe n’abagize Inteko ishinzwe amahoro ku isi, abamenyesha ko yari afite umuntu utanga amakuru ku byari birimo gutegurwa
Iyo baruwa yateye ubwoba abo mu Muryango w’Abibumbye, cyane cyane aho Dallaire yasabaga ko yakwemererwa gukoresha ingufu za gisirikare.
Nta mwanzuro wigeze ufatwa ngo hatangwe igisubizo kuri iyo baruwa.
Nta gikorwa na kimwe cy’igenzura cyangwa ikindi gikorwa icyo aricyo cyose cya gisirikare kirimo kurinda abantu kigomba gukorwa n’ingabo za MINUAR kugeza igihe zizabonera amabwiriza aturutse ku cyicaro cy’Umuryango w’Abibumbye.
2.6: “Igitangaza …”
Ngeze Hassan wari mu ishyaka rya CDR yasohoye inyandiko ebyiri muri Kangura, aho yavugaga ko Perezida Habyarimana yagombaga gupfa muri Werurwe 1994.
Icyo “kintu gitangaje” cyavuzweho byinshi, haba mu mutwe wari ushinzwe iperereza, mu itangazamakuru rya leta no kuri Radiyo ya RTLM.
Ni bwo ku itariki ya 6 Mata 1994 saa mbiri n’iminota 23, indege yari itwaye Perezida Habyarimana hamwe na mugenzi we w’uBurundi Sipiriyani Ntaryamira, yahanuwe ubwo yiteguraga kugwa ku kibuga cy’indege cya Kigali.
Guhera saa tatu n’iminota 15 z’ijoro, amabariyeri yari yakwijijwe mu mihanda y’i Kigali n’amazu y’abaturage yatangiye gusakwa.
Mu gihe cy’isaha imwe, urusaku rw’amasasu rwari rwatangiye kumvikana.
…abantu bo kwicwa bari barashyizwe ku rutonde kera…
Jenoside yakorewe icyarimwe mu kanya gato
Hirya no hino mu mujyi hashinzwe za bariyeri, zirinzwe n’interahamwe zifite intwaro n’umugambi umwe wo gutahura abatutsi no kubica.
Interahamwe zahagurukiye icyarimwe zitangira gusaka ingo z’abaturage inzu ku yindi. Bica, bahereye mu ngo z’abari ku rutonde rw’abagombaga kwicwa.
Abicanyi barahiriye umunsi w’imperuka, kandi koko ni ko byagenze. Bishe abantu bunyamaswa, nta mpuhwe, imivu y’amaraso iratemba.
Abicanyi bakoresheje imihoro, amahiri, imbunda n’ikindi kintu cyose babonye hafi, gipfa kuba cyarabafashaga kwica urw’agashinyaguro izo nzirakarengane.
Byari ubugizi bwa nabi kuva ku munsi wa mbere.
Nta mututsi n’umwe wagombaga gusigara
Abagore barakubiswe, bafatwa ku ngufu, barashinyagurirwa, barandagazwa ndetse akenshi mu maso y’imiryango yabo, hanyuma bakicwa.
Abana babonye ababyeyi babo bicwa urubozo, bahondagurwa kandi banogonorwa mbere y’uko nabo ubwabo batemagurwa, bagirirwa ibya mfura mbi, bakavunagurwa ndetse bakanatabwa mu iyarara.
Abakambwe, ishema ry’umuryango nyarwanda, barubahutswe, ntibagirirwa impuhwe baricwa.
Abaturanyi bishe abaturanyi, incuti zica incuti, …ndetse n’abavandimwe baricana.
Mu kanya gato, u Rwanda rwahindutse indiri y’abicanyi batagira impuhwe, basabitswe n’ubugome.
Amatangazo ya mbere yanyujijwe kuri radiyo yumvishaga ko Ababirigi ari bo bishe Perezida. Ku itariki ya 7 Mata, abasirikare icumi b’Ababirigi barishwe. Ibyo byari bigamije gutuma Umuryango w’Abibumbye ucyura ingabo zawo.
Bariyeri zabaye uburyo bw’ingenzi bwo kugenzura abaturage. Umututsi wese wageragezaga guca kuri bariyeri yahaboneraga ishyano; yarakubitwaga, agatemagurwa, akicwa, akagirirwa ibya mfura mbi, hanyuma bakamuta aho ku muhanda.
Ubwicanyi i Ntarama. Jenoside yatangiriye i Kigali igenda ikwira vuba mugihugu hose. Imiterere y’ubutegetsi bwegerejwe abaturage yagiye ituma habaho uruhererekane rw’amabwiriza aturuka mu butegetsi bwite bwa Leta, bigafasha ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’ayo mabwiriza.
Abahutu batashakaga kumvira amabwiriza yatanzwe babakangishaga kubica. Abahutu benshi batashyigikiye ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside, hamwe n’abagerageje guhisha Abatutsi bagiye batotezwa ndetse bakicwa.
Mu minsi ijana(100) abantu barenga miriyoni(1.000.000) bari bamaze kwicwa.
Ariko abo bantu bose ntibiciwe icyarimwe, bagiye bicwa umwe umwe, umunsi ku wundi, isaha ku yindi, umunota ku wundi. Buri munota hari umuntu wabaga arimo kwicwa ahantu runaka, atakamba asaba imbabazi.
Ariko ntazihabwe.
Ubwicanyi bwakomeje kwiyongera, bwiyongera, bwiyongera…
Hakicwa abantu ibihumbi icumi (10.000);
Magana ane (400) buri saha;
Barindwi(7) buri munota,
Ugereranyije abantu ijana (100) kuva iri murika…
n’abandi magana abiri (200) usohoka muri iyi nzu…
Ubwicanyi bwakorwaga amasaha makumyabiri n’ane (24) ku munsi,
iminsi ijana (100) budahagaritswe.
3.3 Ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya jenoside
Abagore n’abana
Mu kwica, abicanyi bibandaga cyane kwica no gufata ku ngufu abana n’ abagore. Impamvu ari bo bari bibasiwe, bagiraga ngo hatazagira umututsi n’umwe wongera kuzura umutwe mu gihe kizaza.
Mubyateguwe, harimo gufata ku ngufu abatutsikazi ndetse bakabangiza imyanya ndangagitsina nk’imwe mu ntwaro za jenoside. Akenshi bafatwaga n’abagabo bazwiho ko banduye agakoko ka SIDA.
Bamaraga kubasambanya bakabica cyangwa babareka mu buryo bwo kubatega iminsi.
Abahutukazi bafite abagabo b’abatutsi bahabwaga igihano cyo gufatwa ku ngufu.
Abagore n’abana ntibabaye ibitambo bya jenoside gusa, hari n’abagize uruhare mu kwica abantu.
Akenshi, abana bategekwaga kwica bibanda cyane ku ncuti zabo cyangwa abaturanyi babo.
Abahigwaga bategekwaga kubanza kwica bagenzi babo bakundaga mbere y’uko na bo ubwabo bicwa.
Abagore b’abahutukazi n’abatutsikazi bagiye bategekwa kwica abana babo b’ abatutsi bibyariye.
Abicanyi babanzaga gukata imyanya no gushinyagurira abantu mbere yo kubahorahoza.
Bagendaga babatema ibitsi ngo batabasha guhunga, bakabahambiranya hanyuma bakabahondagura. Babarekeraga aho mu bubabare batagira kivurira, nyuma y’aho bakongera kubahata amahiri, kubasambanya ku ngufu cyangwa bakabahorahoza n’imihoro.
Abo mu miryango yahigwaga bategekwaga kurebera aho ababyeyi cyangwa se abana babo bicwaga urubozo, bakubitwa cyangwa se bafatwa ku ngufu.
Hari ubwo, abo bantu bahigwaga bajugunywaga mu misarani miremire bakiri bazima hanyuma bakabajugunyaho amabuye kugeza aho imiborogo yabo atacyumvikana.
Ubundi, hari ubwo umubare munini w’inzirakarengane zajugunywaga zigerekeranye mu misarani. Baragwiriranaga, bakavungana, bakabura umwuka kubera uburyo babaga bagerekeranye. Rimwe na rimwe imirambo igera ku icumi yarundanywaga ahantu hamwe.
Urupfu rwari ruteye ubwoba, isoni n’ agashinyaguro.
INSENGERO
Abantu bahungiye ari benshi mu nsengero bizeyeyo amakiriro.
Ariko insengero ntizabaye ahantu hatagatifu ho guhungira.
Abicanyi bacengeragamo mu ntebe no kuri aritari, bakica imbaga y’abantu icyarimwe.
Abahoze ari abayoboke b’amadini biciwe mu nsengero, imirambo isigara irambaraye hagati y’intebe mu mivu y’amaraso.
Ntarama, Ubugesera: Mu gihe abagabo bafite ingufu bageragezaga kurwana n’abicanyi, abagore, abana n’abashaje bahungiye muri iyo kiriziya. Yatewemo amagerenade menshi, abicanyi basubira inyuma bagenda basongesha abakirimo akuka ibyuma cyangwa amasasu. Abandi bantu benshi biciwe mu nkengero z’iyo kiriziya.
Ku kiriziya y’Umuryango Mutagatifu, i Kigali:
Abantu benshi, kubera ubwoba, bahungiye muri Kiriziya nini y’Umuryango Mutagatifu ndetse no mu bikari byayo. Kuri bo, bumvaga ko Padiri Wensesirasi azabarinda nyamara byari bizwi ko akorana ku mugaragaro n’imitwe y’abicanyi. Kuri Padiri Seresitini Hakizimana si ko byari bimeze; we yakoze uko ashoboye ngo arokore abantu benshi. Padiri Hakizimana Seresini yayoboraga ikigo cy’ubushumba cyitiriwe Mutagatifu Pawuro kiri mu mujyi wa Kigali rwagati, hafi ya kiriziya y’Umuryango Mutagatifu, ahari harahungiye abantu bagera ku bihumbi bibiri (2000).
Nyange: Abihaye Imana ibihumbi bibiri bari bacumbikiwe muri Kiriziya y’i Nyange, ubwo Padiri Seromba yatangaga itegeko ryo gusenya iyo kiriziya maze aho yari iri hagasizwa. Yiciye abihaye Imana bagenzi be muri Kiriziya yayoboraga.
Nyarubuye, Kibungo: Kiriziya, amazu y’abihaye Imana, ikigo cy’amashuri kiri i Nyarubuye, byose byari byarahinduwe ibagiro ry’abantu. Haguye abantu bagera ku bihumbi makumyabiri (20.000)
Nyamata, Bugesera: Mu kiriziya y’i Nyamata no mu nkengero zayo haguye abantu bagera ku bihumbi icumi (10.000).
Muri ubwo bwicanyi, abagore bagiye bafatwa ku ngufu ndetse bakanakorerwa ibya mfura mbi mu kiriziya.
Jenoside yahitanye abantu barenga miriyoni.
Gupfusha abantu ariko si yo ngaruka yonyine ya jenoside.
Abantu ibihumbi n’ibihumbi bishwe urubozo, abandi bacibwa ibice bimwe by’umubiri, abandi bafatwa ku ngufu. Ibihumbi by’abantu basigaranye ibikomere by’imipanga batemagujwe, abandi iby’amasasu, bimwe byanga gukira, abandi bahitanwa n’inzara.
Igihugu cyaguye mu icuraburindi ryo kutagendera ku mategeko, ubusahuzi n’akaduruvayo. Ibikorwa remezo byarangijwe n’ububasha bw’ubutegetsi burasenyuka. Amazu yarasenywe n’imitungo irasahurwa.
Abana barenga bihumbi magana atatu( 300.000) babaye imfubyi, abarenga ku bihumbi mirongo inani na bitanu (85.000) basigara ari abakuru b’imiryango, bafite umutwaro wo kurera barumuna babo cyangwa bene wabo.
Jenoside yasize abapfakazi benshi. Benshi muri bo bafashwe ku ngufu bakorerwa ibya mfura mbi, cyangwa babona abana babo bicwa.
Imiryango myinshi yarazimye burundu ntihasigara n’umwe wo kubara iby’urupfu rwabo, no kugira icyo abyandikaho.
Imihanda yari yazimagijwe n’imirambo. Imbwa zaryaga imirambo yatangiye kubora y’abahoze ari ba shebuja yabaga.
Umunuko ukabije w’ imirambo wari wakwiriye mu gihugu hose .
Abicanyi bakoresheje uburyo budasanzwe mu migambi yabo mibisha. Nta washoboraga kubitekereza.
URwanda rwari rwagushije ishyano.
Abagerageje guhangana n’abicanyi
4.1 Uruhare rw’amahanga
Abicanyi ni bo bagenzuraga igihugu cyose.
Ubwo FPR yarwanaga yerekeza i Kigali ihanganye n’izahoze ari ingabo z’igihugu kugira ngo ibohore igihugu inahagarike itsembabwoko, bamwe batangiye kuvuga ko ubwo bwicanyi bwari “isubiranamo ry’abaturage” cyangwa “isubiranamo ry’amoko”.
Ntiyari intambara ishingiye ku moko
Yari intambara y’isubiranamo ry’abaturage.
Ahubwo jenoside yaje nyuma.itandukanye n’ibyavugwaga.
Uwari ukuriye ingabo z’Umuryango w’Abibumbye Lt.Gen. Dallaire yavuze ko ingabo ibihumbi bitanu ari zo nke zishoboka zari kubasha kugarura amahoro no guhagarika jenoside, ziramutse zihawe uburenganzira n’ubushobozi.
Nyamara si ko byagenze kuko Umuryango w’Abibumbye wategetse ingabo zawo gutaha.
Nta bandi bantu bo kurinda amahoro cyangwa izindi ngabo bigeze bagera mu Rwanda mbere y’uko FPR ifata igihugu muri Nyakanga.
Amahanga yakuyemo akayo karenge…
Nuko arebera ukuntu miriyoni y’abantu yicwa.
Jenerari Roméo Dallaire, wari ukuriye ingabo z’Umuryango w’Abibumbye zari zishinzwe kubahiriza amahoro mu Rwanda (MINUAR). Nyuma y’impanuka y’indege y’uwari Perezida, Dallaire yaterefonnye ku cyicaro cy’Umuryango w’Abibumbye, asaba ko yakongererwa ingabo n’ibikoresho kugira ngo abashe kugira icyo akora.
Ku itariki ya 21 Mata, Inama ishinzwe amahoro ku isi yatangaje ko ibabajwe n’intera ubwicanyi bugenda bufata mu Rwanda, aho ibihumbi by’inzirakarengane zirimo abana n’abagore bari bamaze kwicwa. Iyo nama kandi yaje no gutora umwanzuro wo kugabanya ingabo za MINUAR hasigara abakorerabushake b’Abanyagana (Ghana) magana abiri na mirongo irindwi (270), n’igihe cyo kumara mu Rwanda kiragabanuka.
(Umwanzuro wafashwe ku itariki ya 21 Mata 1994. Inomero y’uwo mwanzuro ni S/RES/912 (1994).)
4.2 Leta y’abicanyi yari ifite uyihagarariye mu nama ishinzwe amahoro ku isi y’Umuryango w’Abibumbye, akaba rero yari afite icyo yavuga n’uruhare ku myanzuro irebana n’ibibazo by’u Rwanda. Yahoraga amenyesha Leta ye y’abicanyi ibyo inama y’umutekano ku isi yavuze n’imyanzuro yayo.
Abari bahagarariye ibihugu byabo n’abandi banyamahanga bakoreraga mu Rwanda baruvuyemo. Benshi basize bagenzi babo bakoranaga, abakozi babo n’incuti zabo mu menyo ya rubamba. Ibikomerezwa byo ku butegetsi bwa Habyarimana, ari na byo byateguye ubwicanyi, byagiye bihungishwa. Umubare w’ingabo zakoreshejwe muri icyo gikorwa cyo guhungisha abanyamahanga n’ibyo bikomerezwa, wari uhagije ngo bahagarike itsembabwoko.
Abayobozi bakuru b’Umuryango w’ Abibumbye baje kubona ko icyemezo cyafashwe cyo kugabanya ingabo kitari cyo.
Ku itariki ya 17 Gicurasi Inama Ishinzwe Amahoro ku isi yemeje ko mu Rwanda hoherezwa izindi ngabo ziswe MINUAR II, zari zigizwe n’abasirikari ibihumbi bitanu na magana atanu (5500) zigahabwa n’ububasha bwo gukoresha ingufu za gisirikari. Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika zagombaga gutanga ibimodoka by’intambara mirongo itanu(50) byagombaga gutwara izo ngabo, ibyo ariko byafashe igihe kirenga ukwezi kugira ngo zigere mu Bugande.
Imyinshi mu miryango itagengwa na Leta yavuye mu gihugu, ariko imwe muri yo irasigara. Umuryango utabara imbabare ku isi n’Abaganga batagira umupaka bakomeje ibikorwa byabo by’ubutabazi. Hashize ibyumweru bibiri ubwicanyi butangiye, ni bwo Umuryango utabara imbabare ku isi (ICRC) watangarije abanyamakuru ko ubwicanyi ndengakamere bwaberaga mu Rwanda nta handi bwabaye.
Aho byavuye: Itangazo ry’Umuryango utabara imbabare ku isi rigenewe abanyamakuru No. 1772 / 21 ryo ku wa 21 Mata 1994.
FPR imaze gufata Kigali, yahagaritse ubwicanyi mu gihugu hose nta nkunga n’imwe y’amahanga.
4.3 Ingabo z’Abafaransa ni zo zonyine zabashije kugera mu Rwanda mbere y’uko jenoside irangira, baje mu gikorwa bise « Opération Turquoise ». Icyo gikorwa cyari kigamije gushyiraho « agace katarangwamo imirwano » mu majyepfo y’igihugu hagati y’impande « zari zihanganye »
Igihugu cy’uBufaransa cyafashije cyane izahoze ari ingabo z’igihugu cy’uRwanda kibaha ibikoresho by’intambara, gitoza abasirikare babo mu gihe abaturage basubiranagamo. Benshi mu mitwe y’abicanyi y’Abahutu yafataga Abafaransa nk’incuti zabo. Ni muri urwo rwego icyari cyariswe « Opération Turquoise » cyabaye ubuhungiro bw’abicanyi bahunga igitutu cy’ingabo za FPR, babasha guhungira muri Zayire.
Raporo z’ibyabereye mu Bisesero zivuga ko ingabo z’Abafaransa zabeshye Abanyabisesero ko zabagaruriye umutekano. Nuko Abatutsi bari barabashije kurokoka bava aho bari bihishe maze bahura n’abicanyi bari bagikora ibyo bishakiye nta wubahana.
4.4 Hafi ukwezi kose kwa Mata, nta muntu wigeze agoheka. Buri munota twahoraga twiteguye intambara.
Guhangana n’abicanyi mu Bisesero
Abatutsi bo mu Bisesero baraje bahangana n’abicanyi. Birara Aminadabu na Karamaga Simewoni bari bayoboye imbaga y’abagabo benshi mu mashyamba yo ku dusozi twa Bisesero.
Iyo twabonaga igitero kije twavuzaga induru, tugahonda ingoma n’ibijerikani. Iyo bwabaga bumaze kwira, abicanyi baratahaga natwe tugasigara turebera hamwe uko ibintu byagenze. Abicanyi bakoreshaga intwaro zikaze zirimo imbunda zirasa amabombe, naho twebwe tugakoresha amabuye n’imiheto…Intego yabo kwari ukutuvumbura mu misozi, bakabona uko batwica ku buryo buboroheye. Twakomeje kwihagararaho hashira icyumweru, ariko abasirikare bavuye i Kigali mu barindaga Perezida baraje baratuganza. Kurwana n’abantu bafite imbunda ntibyari byoroshye; twaraneshejwe.
Ubwo ingabo z’Abafaransa zazaga, hari abarokotse bari bakihishe mu misozi. Bivugwa ko zahageze zikizeza abo birwanagaho ko ntacyo bakibaye, ko bagomba kuva mu bihuru, zirangije zirigendera. Kubera icyo cyizere, basohotse mu bihuru maze interahamwe zibamarira ku icumu.
Mu bihumbi 50.000 by’Abatutsi bari barahungiye mu misozi, igihumbi gusa muri bo ni bo babashije kurokoka no kuvuga ibyabaye mu Bisesero.
Guhangana n’abicanyi mu Bugesera n’ahandi
Kubera ko twari bake, twishyize hamwe turwana na bo.Twarwanishaga imiheto n’imyambi ndetse n’amabuye. Nyuma yaho twumvise urusaku rw’imbunda…duhita twiruka duhunga. Benshi bahungiye muri Kiriziya y’i Ntarama abandi bahungira mu ntoki. [Abicanyi] batemaguye insina ndetse batera na Kiriziya. Abari aho bose barapfuye.
Mukama Tharcise
Murambi
Twarwanye na bo dukoresheje amabuye. Iyo mirwano yaguyemo abantu benshi kuko twari dufite amabuye bo bafite imbunda. Twarabanesheje baragenda, nyuma haza imodoka yuzuye interahamwe n’abasirikare.
Mugenzire Emmanuel
St. Andre
Mu kigo cy’amashuri cya Mutagatifu André
Bamwe mu basore bari barahahungiye bari barakoze imyitozo y’igisirikare. Barwanye n’interahamwe zimwe barazica, ariko amasasu abashiriraho. Ubwo amasasu yari abashiriyeho, interahamwe zazanye n’abasirikare barindaga Perezida. Badutegetse kujya kwihisha muri shaperi…Twahamaze iminsi ine.
Nsengiyumva Ernest
4.5 Aho kurwana ku bakobwa be yahisemo kundokora.
Uwazaninka Beatha
Nsengiyumva Yahaya
Nsengiyumva Yahaya, yari umuyisiramu wabaga i Nyamirambo. Mu gihe cya jenoside bivugwa ko yaba yarabashije gukiza abantu barenga 30 abahishe mu tuzu two mu rupangu rwe.
Interahamwe yarampigahize aho nari nihishe hagati y’amazu. Isogonda iyo ari yose nashoboraga gupfa. Nikinze ku muryango usohoka hanze, urugi ruhita rufunguka. (Nsengiyumva Yahaya) yamfashe ukuboko ahagarara imbere y’umuryango, abwira ya nterahamwe kuva aho ngaho. Aravuga ati muri Korowani handitse ngo: ‘Iyo ukijije umuntu umwe uba ukijije isi yose’. Ntiyari azi ko ayo magambo ari ay’Abayahudi.
Uwazaninka Beatha
Nabwiye interahamwe nti: “Niba ushaka urupfu injira aha maze urebe ngo urabona ibyago”
Karuhimbi Sula
Karuhimbi Sula yahishe abantu 17, akajya abagaburira ibivuye mu murima we. Yari umuvuzi wa gihanga ukomoka i Musambo muri Gitarama. Yari umupfakazi w’imyaka mirongo irindwi icyo gihe. Yahishe Abatutsi 17 mu kiraro yari yarubakiye amatungo.
Natekaga ibiryo byinshi byo kugaburira interahamwe. Zamaraga guhaga zikigendera ntizigaruke.
Karuhimbi Sula
Sula yari azwiho kuba afite imitsindo, ari yo yirukanaga interahamwe iwe imuhira.
…Yazibwiraga ko nizinjira mu ndaro, Nyabingi izimerera nabi…ibyo byahoraga bizitera ubwoba …bityo iminsi yacu ikicuma.
Habiyakare Hassan, Ntongwe, Gitarama
Nahitamo gupfa aho kumena amaraso y’inzirakarengane.
Gisagara Jean-Marie Vianney
Gisagara yakoze uko ashoboye kose kugira ngo ahagarike ubwicanyi. Yatanze ubuzima bwe… Ni we muyobozi wenyine muri Nyabisindu warwanyije inzangano mu baturage. Yapfuye arwanira amahoro.
African Rights ‘Tribute to Courage’
Gisagara yari Burugumesitiri wa Nyabisindu. Yari yaranze gushyigikira ingengabitekerezo y’ivanguramoko y’Abahutu. Ubwo interahamwe zavaga ku Gikongoro ziteye abaturage be b’Abatutsi, yakoresheje abaporisi ba Komini mu kuzirwanya. Gisagara bamwicanye n’abantu cumi n’umwe bo mu muryango we.
Gisagara yatumije inama y’abajyanama ba segiteri abasaba kudatega amatwi ibitekerezo bivangura amoko by’interahamwe…Ibyo yabashije kubigeraho bituma abo bajyanama bareka ibikorwa by’ubwicanyi.
Muberuka Eneas
Yambwiye ko yari yaracukuye umwobo aho yashoboraga kumpisha.
Twagirayezu Emmanuel
Karuhije Frodouald
Karuhije yahishe Abatutsi cumi na bane( 14) mu gihe kirenga ukwezi i Gitarama, abasha kubarokora. Yabahishe mu myobo yari yaracukuye mu isambu ye. Mushiki we yatekaga ibiryo noneho kishywa ke k’agakobwa kakabibagemurira mu kintu kiyora imyanda.
Yari yaracukuye umwobo wo kuzihishamo FPR niza, (Yakekaga ko FPR izaza yica Abahutu) ariko itsembabwoko ritangiye yahisemo kuwuhishamo Abatutsi.
Mukamurenzi Beatha
Hejuru y’umwobo yagiye arambikaho utubaho, akorosaho amakoma, akarenzaho itaka, hanyuma agateraho imigozi y’ibijumba. Nta muntu n’umwe washoboraga gukeka ko hihishemo abantu.
Ngirabakunzi Thomas
Yabaye intwari nyayo kuko n’ubwo yari azi ko ashobora kuhaburira ubuzima ntiyigeze atezuka ku mugambi we wo guhisha Abatutsi.
Mukarurangwe Immaculée
Mutezintare Gisimba Damas
Ikigo kirera imfubyi cya Damasi Gisimba cyari kuri kiriziya y’Umuryango Mutagatifu, cyarimo imfubyi 400, impunzi n’abakozi kuva mu kwezi kwa kane kugeza mu kwa gatandatu 1994. Yagiye arokora n’abantu babaga bajugunywe mu byobo rusange.
Afashijwe n’Umuryango utabara imbabare ku isi, Umuryango w’Abadivantisiti Utsura amajyambere, n’uwitwa Relief Agency, Gisimba yabashije guhungisha abantu benshi abavana muri Katedarari ya Mutagatifu Mikayire.
Sinabona uko mvuga ibikorwa byiza bya Gisimba. Yakijije abantu barenga 400. Urukundo rw’ubwitange rugeze hariya njyewe rurandenze…Sinzi niba umuntu yabyita igikorwa cy’ubutwari cyangwa cy’urukundo.
Mukandayisenga Donatha
4.6 Ntiyigeze ahunga nk’abandi banyamahanga.
Ndahayo Claver
Padiri Vieko Curic
Padiri Curic yari umupadiri muri paruwasi ya Kivumu i Gitarama. Yakomokaga mu cyahoze cyitwa Yugosiraviya. Yari ashinzwe gufasha abantu no kwita ku buzima bwabo ibyo bituma abasha gucikisha benshi. Yacumbikiye impunzi zigera ku ijana mu kigo cy’amashuri abanza cya Musengo akajya anazigaburira, kugeza ubwo interahamwe zibavumbuye zikabica. Nyuma y’aho, yakodesheje imodoka ya minibisi ihungishiriza abasigaye i Kabgayi. Vieko Yaje guhitanwa n’urupfu rudasobanutse i Kigali muri Mutarama 1998.
Impunzi zarokokeye i Kabgayi ni we zikesha ubuzima. Yazishakiraga ibyo kurya, amazi, n’inkwi…Vieko ni we mupadiri wenyine wagerageje gufasha izo mpunzi.
Mafure Eugenie
Yari intwari koko. Ntiyafashije gusa abaturage bari bari mu kigo cyacu cy’imfubyi, ahubwo yanafashije abandi bantu benshi hirya no hino.
Gisimba Damas
Carl Wilkens
Carl Wilkens yari umuvugabutumwa wakoreraga umuryango wa ADRA. Yateraga inkunga ikigo cy’imfubyi cya Gisimba, yagiye avomera imfubyi amazi mu gihe cya jenoside. Rimwe interahamwe zaje kwica abantu yitagaho. Yahise aterefona ingabo za MINUAR, Umuryango utabara imbabare n’abanyamakuru. Yakomeje gukora atyo muri jenoside arwana ku bantu.
Aho Gisimba agendeye, interahamwe zigabije ikigo cye cy’imfubyi. Zaje mu mamodoka zifite imihoro n’imbunda muri icyo kigo…Mu kuhagera, zahasanze Wilkens.
Ubwo jenoside yari iri hafi kurangira mu gihugu hose hari akaduruvayo.
Abantu bagiye bahunga kubera impamvu zitandukanye.
Abicanyi bakomeje guhunga umusubirizo kubera gutinya gufatwa n’ingabo za FPR zakomezaga kugenda zigarurira igice kinini cy’igihugu.
Abarokotse na bo bagiye bahungira mu duce twari tumaze kwigarurirwa na FPR. Abahutu benshi bambutse imipaka y’u Rwanda barahunga kubera gutinya ko habaho ibikorwa byo kwihorera nk’uko radiyo ya RTLM yahoraga ibivuga. Batinyaga ibyo, cyngwa bari barafashwe bugwate n’abateguye jenoside.
Ubwo abaturage b’Abahutu bahungaga igihugu, impunzi za kera zari zarahungiye mu Buganda zo zageregezaga gutahuka mu duce FPR yari imaze kwigarurira. Mu gihugu imbere abantu benshi bagiye bava mu byabo kubera jenoside n’umutekano muke byari mu gihugu hose.
Inkambi z’impunzi zashinzwe mu bihugu by’ uBurundi, Tanzaniya, uBugande, na Zayire. Umubare w’ impunzi warengaga miriyoni ebyiri.
Havugwaga ko Abanyarwanda barenga 2/3 bari barahunze kubera ko bishinjaga icyaha, kubera ubwoba cyangwa urujijo cyangwa se gutwarwa bugwate.
Impunzi aho zari ziri mu nkambi ku mipaka y’uRwanda zari zarisuganyije zihereye ku maperefegitura, amakomine n’amasegiteri, mbese nk’uko byari bimeze mbere yo guhunga. Ubu buryo ni na bwo bwatumye ibikorwa bya jenoside bikwira mu gihugu hose. Abari abayobozi b’ishyaka rya MRND bari bafite ubuyobozi bw’inkambi.
Mu nkambi amashyaka ya poritiki yari yarakoze jenoside yakoreshaga iterabwoba kugira ngo abuze impunzi gutahuka. Yashyizeho umutwe w’abarwanyi , babashakira inkunga kugira ngo bategure ibitero byo kurwanya uRwanda.
Umuryango utabara imbabare i Goma muri 1994. Imiryango myinshi ishinzwe ibikorwa by’ubutabazi hamwe n’imiryango ishinzwe gutara amakuru, yumvaga ko inkambi z’impunzi ari zo zari zifite ikibazo gusa. Abacitse ku icumu bo mu Rwanda bari baribagiranye.
Gushakisha abantu
Umubare munini w’abahigwaga muri jenoside, bari baratatanye n’imiryango yabo ku buryo bamwe muri bene wabo batari bazi niba bakiriho cyangwa se barapfuye. Bamwe ndetse babaga ari bo bonyine barokotse mu miryango yabo ku buryo batamenyaga niba bene wabo bo mu miryango ya kure bakiriho.
Abana bari barabuze ababyeyi babo.
Ababyeyi bari baratandukanye n’abana babo, bakeka ko bapfuye ariko nanone bakishyiramo icyizere cyo kuzongera kubabona.
Benshi ntibakekaga ko bashobora kongera kubona abo mu miryango yabo barokotse.
Ndetse benshi nta n’umuntu n’ umwe babonye.
Mu mpera z’umwaka wa 1994, Umuryango utabara imbabare ku isi ufatanyije n’ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku mpunzi, n’ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku bana, hamwe n’indi miryango itegamiye kuri Leta, babaruruye abana ibihumbi mirongo itatu na birindwi (37.000) bibana bonyine.
Abicanyi bari bafite umugambi wo gutsemba abaturage bose bo mu bwoko bw’Abatutsi .
Ibyo ariko ntibabigezeho
Nyuma ya jenoside mu Rwanda habarurwaga umubare w’abagabo n’abagore bapfushije abafasha babo ugera ku bihumbi ijana (100.000) kubera jenoside.
Mu myaka itanu nyuma ya jenoside, hejuru ya 1/3 cy’ingo z’abarokotse mu Rwanda zayoborwaga n’abagore. Muri izo ngo zose nta muntu w’igitsina gabo ukuze wazirangwagamo.
Benshi mu babyeyi bari baratandukanye n’abana babo. Ibihumbi amagana by’abana bari barahindutse imfubyi.
Hashinzwe ibigo byinshi by’imfubyi byari bigamije gufasha abana, bari basigaye iheruheru kubera ubwicanyi bw’indengakamere, kongera gusubira mu buzima busanzwe.
Benshi mu barokotse bahisemo kujya bakira abana b’imfubyi mu miryango yabo, bakifuza ko abana babo na bo bagenzerezwa batyo igihe cyose baba imfubyi.
Biramenyerewe ko haboneka imiryango ibamo abana benshi babana n’abo badafitanye isano ya hafi cyangwa se abanyamahanga.
5.3 Ingaruka zo mu gihe kirekire
Abagore benshi bafashwe ku ngufu ndetse ku ncuro nyinshi;
akenshi bagafatwa n’abagabo bazwiho kuba bafite agakoko gatera SIDA. Iyi ntwaro abicanyi bakoresheje ikomeje kugenda igira ingaruka mbi ku bagore benshi bandujwe ako gakoko ka SIDA.
Imibare yerekana ko abagore bagera ku bihumbi magana atanu (500.000) bafashwe ku ngufu.
Bamwe mu bagore bacitse ku icumu barapfuye bazize ingaruka z’indwara ya SIDA bandujwe cyangwa se bakaba babaho mu buzima bubi kubera ingaruka zayo.
Imiti igabanya ubwandu bw’ agakoko ka SIDA ntiyabonekeye igihe cyangwa se wenda ngo iboneke ku buryo buhagije kugira ngo igoboke izo mbabare. Nyamara abateguye ubwicanyi n’abafashe abagore ku ngufu bafungiye Arusha bo bahabwa iyo miti.
Gushyingura mu cyubahiro ibisigazwa by’abapfuye
[Ibisobanuro- Ibirundo by’amagufa]: Imirambo myinshi yagiye iboneka mu byobo rusange ariko bitari birebire cyane, mu misarani cyangwa se ku gahinga.
Hamwe na hamwe imiryango yari yarazimye burundu, nta buryo bwo gutandukanya imirambo y’abapfuye, abandi nta wuzi aho bagiye bajugunywa mu byobo.
[Gutaburura imirambo ku mugaragaro] Gutaburura imirambo y’abantu no kumenya abo ari bo, ndetse no kongera kubashyingura mu cyubahiro byari ibintu bigoye kuri benshi ku barokotse baba munsi y’umurongo w’ubukene. Nyuma y’imyaka icumi Jenoside ibaye hakomeje kugenda havumburwa ibindi byobo birimo imirambo y’abishwe muri Jenoside ari n ako hagenda habaho imihango yo kuyishyingura.
Ibikorwa bijyanye no kurinda ihungabana byabaye bike ugereranyije n’umubare munini w’ababuze ababo, mu miryango ya hafi.
Ibikorwa byo kugira inama, kuvura cyangwa se kugarurira icyizere abahuye n’ikibazo cy’ihungabana byagiye bisa nk’aho binanirana kubera umubare munini w’abarokotse n’ibindi bikorwa by’ibanze byagombaga gukorwa mbere y’ibindi.
Many survivors are young and will carry the trauma of their childhood through the rest of their lives and probably the lives of their descendants.
Benshi mu barokotse ni urubyiruko kandi mu buzima bwabo bwose busigaye bazagumya kugira ingaruka z’ibibazo by’ihungabana bagize mu bwana bwabo. Biranashoboka ko ibibazo nk’ibyo byazafata no ku bazabakomokaho.
Abicanyi bari barateguye gahunda yo gutsemba imbaga y’abantu, bayishoramo umubare munini w’abantu. Inkiko mpuzamahanga n’izo mu Rwanda zikomeje gukurikirana abakoze ibyaha kugira ngo bagaragarize abarokotse ko harimo kubahirizwa ubutabera, no guca umuco wo kudahana cyane ku birebana n’ibyaha bya jenoside.
URUKIKO MPUZAMAHANGA MPANABYAHA RWASHYIRIWEHO URWANDA
The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) was established in November 1995, based in Arusha,Tanzania. After a decade of work, 81 indictments have been issued. Seventeen of the accused have been convicted. One person has been acquitted.
Urukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho uRwanda rwashinzwe mu kwezi k’Ugushyingo 1995. Urwo rukiko rufite icyicaro ARUSHA muri Tanzaniya. Nyuma y’imyaka icumi rukora, rumaze gushyikirizwa imanza mirongo inani na rumwe (81) rugomba kuburanisha. . Cumi na barindwi mu baregwa bahamwe n’icyaha Umwe ni we wahanaguweho icyaha.
Yohani KAMBANDA ku ntebe y’ababuranyi.
Urukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho uRwanda ruburanisha imanza z’abateguye jenoside yari igamije gutsemba Abatutsi.
Theoneste BAGOSORA ari Arusha. Bagosora yari yungirije Minisitiri w’ ingabo mu gihe cya Jenoside. Bagosora afatwa nk’ uwateguye Jenoside agatanga n’intwaro zakoreshejwe mu bwicanyi ndetse akanagenzura ibikorwa by’ interahamwe.
Ku itariki ya 2 Nzeri 1998 Yohani Pawuro Akayezu wahoze ari burugumesitiri wa komine Taba yabaye uwa mbere wahamijwe ibyaha byo gufata ku ngufu n’ibyibasiye inyoko muntu n’urukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho uRwanda.
Igice kinini cy’imanza za jenoside cyahariwe ubutabera bw’ u Rwanda. Mu 1996 uRwanda, muri poritiki yarwo, rwahinduye amategeko ahana ibyaha kugira ngo hajyemo itegeko rihana icyaha cya jenoside. Inkiko zo mu Rwanda zaciriye imanza abicanyi bagera ku 7.331, zifungura abireze ibyaha barenga 6.500.
N’ubwo hariho ruriya rukiko rwavuzwe haruguru, byaragaragaye ko uburyo bwa kera bwo guca imanza ari bwo bwonyine bushobora kurangiza imanza mu myaka ijana.
Mu rwego rwo gukemura iki kibazo, Guverinoma yitabaje inkiko gacaca zivuguruye zigendera ku mategeko y’ubutabera bw’iki gihe buvuguruye.
Inkiko zo ku mirenge “Gacaca”; umuntu agenekereje, Gacaca bisobanura ‘Guca imanza umuntu yicaye mu byatsi’.
Izo nkiko zikomatanya uburyo bwa gakondo bwo guca imanza n’ubwa kizungu bukoreshwa kuri iki gihe.
Abacamanza ku kazi kabo: Gacaca mu ishyirwaho ryayo yari igamije gukemura ibibazo birebana n’ ubushyamirane n’inzangano hagati y’imiryango. Kuba Gacaca yarahawe ububasha bwo guca imanza za jenoside bituma ibonekamo ubuhanga bukomeye kandi bwihariye mu butabera bwa nyuma ya jenoside.
Gacaca niramuka igeze ku nshingano zayo izaba ibaye uburyo bwa mbere bwo kugeza abakoze ubwicanyi mu gihe cya jenoside imbere y’ubutabera. Abantu barenga ibihumbi ijana(100.000) baregwa ibyaha bya jenoside. Abo bose bategereje kuburanishwa na Gacaca.
5.5 Gusubiza amaso inyuma ku byabaye
Kwibuka
Muri rusange buri gace k’u Rwanda kagezweho n’amahano ya jenoside ku buryo ubu n’ubu.
Muri Kigali honyine hari ibyobo rusange byinshi byatawemo abantu, ndetse hari na za bariyeri mu mihanda.
Imiryango myinshi igiye igira umuntu wishwe muri jenoside, uwayikoze cyangwa se uwabaye icyitso cy’abicanyi.
Abicanyi bakoze uko bashoboye kugira ngo bashore umubare munini w’abantu mu bwicanyi.
Ntibishoboka kwibagirwa ibyabaye .
Ariko kandi kwibuka ni umutwaro uremereye.
Twibuka abapfuye mu bihe bishize kuko bari bene wacu bo mu miryango cyangwa se kuko bari incuti zacu.
….bagombye kuba bakiriho.
Kwibuka kandi ibikorwa byabaye mu gihe cyashize,
….ni uburyo bukomeye bwo kutwereka ibyazatubaho mu gihe kizaza turamutse tudafashe ingamba zo kubyirinda.
Ikigo cy’urwibutso rwa Kigali cyagizwe irimbi, kikaba kandi n’ahantu hafasha abantu kwibuka ababo bapfuye. Ni n’ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi kandi kigamije kwigisha.
Urwibutso rwa jenoside i Murambi mu ntara ya Gikongoro, ahari abantu bakabakaba ibihumbi mirongo itanu(50.000) bishwe, rwagizwe ikigo kigamije kurinda ibikorwa byose bya jenoside kandi gikorerwamo amahugurwa hamwe n’ubushakashatsi.
Iminsi yo gukorwamo imihango yo kwibuka jenoside yashyizwe kuri karendari y’igihugu ya buri mwaka. Muri icyo gihe hari iminsi yagenewe icyunamo no gutekereza ku mahano yabaye ku rwego rw’ igihugu.
Uburezi
Uburezi bwabaye inzira itugeza ku majyambere.
Inzibutso zose z’ingenzi zifite gahunda zo kwigisha kugira ngo abantu bagire icyizere ko abazavuka mu bihe biri imbere, bazabasha kumva amakosa yakozwe n’abakurambere babo, no kugira ngo kandi babashe kubona amahirwe yo gutekereza ku gaciro no ku bikorwa byabo.
Tugomba kumenya amateka y’ibyabaye…
…..tugomba kandi kuvanamo isomo.
U Rwanda rwiyemeje gukora ibishoboka byose kugira ngo rugere ku bwiyunge.
Mbere na mbere dufite inshingano yo kwemera ibyabaye kugira ngo ubwiyunge bushoboke.
Abarokotse bakeneye kumva ko bafite umutekano.
Abakoze ibyaha bagomba gushyikirizwa ubutabera; hagomba kubaho ibiganiro byerura bivuga ku mateka yahise ndetse tukanayemeranywaho. Ibi ni byo bintu by’ ingenzi bizatuma abantu bagira icyizere cyo kubana neza.
Gusenya icyizere mu bantu byagombye gufata ibinyejana bibiri.
Hagomba na none gushira igihe kingana gutyo kugira ngo icyo cyizere cyongere kigaruke mu bantu.
Kugarura icyizere si igikorwa cyo kwirukansa.
Iby’ibanze byo kucyubaka ni bwo bigitangira.
Text copyright: Aegis Trust 2004
Written for Jenoside published by Aegis Trust, jointly with Kigali City Council for 10th Anniversary of the Rwandan Genocide, opening of Kigali Memorial Centre.